ECON 310 Chapter 9 Study Quiz
______1. Acid deposition refers to
a. the conversion of oxygen to ozone in the stratosphere.
b. the process by which certain types of pollutants chemically transform into acidic substances in the atmosphere and fall to earth.
c. the process by which chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) chemically transform into ozone in the stratosphere.
d. the disruption of the carbon cycle.
______2. Acid rain belongs to a category of pollutants
a. which are referred to as regional pollutants.
b. whose problems are often manifested as transboundary pollutants.
c. whose marginal damage function is easily estimated.
d. both a and b.
______3. The identification of the optimal level of pollution is an extremely difficult for all the following reasons except
a. the marginal damage functions for sulfur dioxide depends not only on itself but also on the level of nitrous oxide and VOCs.
b. the marginal abatement cost of one pollutant is a function of the abatement level of other pollutants.
c. the measurement of the appropriate amount of ozone generated in the acidification process can not be done with existing technology.
d. some abatement devices result in a decrease in one type of pollutant and an increase in another.
______4. The letters VOC represent
a. Volatile oxygen compounds.
b. Volatile
organic compounds.
c. Various organic compounds.
d. Various oxygen compounds.
______5. The two primary terrestrial impacts of acid deposition and related pollutants are on
a. agriculture and fisheries.
b. agriculture
and forest ecosystems.
c. forest ecosystems and buildings.
d. None of the above.
______6. It is difficult to make a link between air quality and exposure to the pollutants, because
a. exposure depends on work location
b. exposure depends on residence location
c. the allocation of time between work and residence.
d. all
of the above.
______7. One of the more difficult problems associated with developing legislation directed at pollution abatement is
a. the regional nature of the problem.
b. the difficulty associated with measuring willingness to pay for pollution abatement.
c. the difficulty of supporting legislation which reduces the standard of living for constituents.
d. the inconsistency of scientific studies about pollution control.
______8. Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA) represented the first attempt by the federal government to
a. develop regional pollution policy.
b. explicitly define the level of pollution allowed within a region.
c. implement a system of marketable pollution permits.
d. all of the above.
_____9. The "offset" system developed in Southern California
a. prevented further economic development because the region violated federal standards.
b. allowed new sources of pollution n non-attainment areas provided that they induced existing polluters to reduce pollution by an amount equal to 150% of the pollution generated by the new source.
c. allowed new sources of pollution provided automobiles were required to use catalytic converters.
d. Both B and C.
______10. An annual emission tax with both Federal and state components would
a. allow taxes to be linked to the emission level of the individual automobile.
b. provide some freedom of consumer choice based on the need for an mileage efficiency and pollution efficiency.
c. give some ability to respond to regional differences in the ambient pollution levels.
d. all
of the above.
______11. When a disparity exists between private costs of energy use and the social costs of energy use, the result is
a. too large a reliance on fuels with potentially high social costs.
b. market failure.
c. the inability to design policy which will result in the optimal combination of fuels sources.
d. both
a and b.
e. all of the above.